Security Advisory Opinion (SAO) or Washington Special Clearance,[1] commonly called security clearance, administrative clearance, or administrative processing,[2] is a process the United States Department of State and the diplomatic missions of the United States use in deciding to grant or deny a United States visa to certain visa applicants. The process involves sending a request from the visa issuing post to the Department of State's headquarters in Washington, D.C., to investigate an individual's case for possible espionage, terrorism, and illegal export of technology out of the United States.[3]
نظر مشورتی امنیت (SAO) و یا کلیرانس واشنگتن ویژه، [1] که معمولا به نام امنیت ترخیص کالا از گمرک، ترخیص کالا از گمرک اداری، پردازش اداری administrative process اطلاق میشود، یک فرایند وزارت امور خارجه ایالات متحده و ماموریت های دیپلماتیک ایالات متحده آمریکا در تصمیم گیری برای رد یا قبول ویزای ایالات متحده به برخی از متقاضیان ویزا میباشد. این فرایند شامل ارسال درخواست به ستاد وزارت امور خارجه در واشنگتن، دی سی، به تحقیق در مورد فردی به اتهام جاسوسی ، تروریسم، و صادرات غیر قانونی فن آوری خارج از ایالات متحده میباشد.. [3]
Apart from the Department of State, the process involves other agencies of the federal government of the United States, specially those under Department of Homeland Security. Some of the agencies involved are: FBI, CIA, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, Interpol, and the Department of State's Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation.[4]Types
به غیر از وزارت امور خارجه، این روند شامل دیگر آژانس های دولت فدرال ایالات متحده، به ویژه آنهایی که تحت وزارت امنیت داخلی میباشد.. برخی از سازمان های درگیر عبارتند از: FBI، CIA، مواد مخدر دولت، وزارت بازرگانی ایالات متحده، گروه از دفتر کنترل دارایی های خارجی وزارت خزانه داری، اینترپل، و وزارت امور خارجه از امنیت بین المللی و منع گسترش سلاح های هسته ای [4] میباشد.
There are various types of SAOs, usually named after various animals, with two named after legendary characters. As of August 2006, these included Visas Mantis (potential illegal transfer of sensitive or dual-use technology,[7] introduced in 1998[8]), Visas Bear (for foreign government officials, representatives to international organizations, and their families), Visas Donkey (name hits, certain nationalities), Visas Merlin (for refugees and asylees), Visas Eagle (certain nationals of Cuba, China, Iran, Russia, and Vietnam), Visas Condor (certain nationalities, introduced in January 2002[9]), and Visas Hawk (for immigrant visas). There are also other types of SAOs used for notifying the Department of State about visa issuance and that the applicant will be traveling to the United States: Visas Horse (diplomatic visa holders of certain nationalities) and Visas Pegasus (officials of Commonwealth of Independent States).[1
انواع
انواع مختلف SAOs، بطور معمول از نام حیوانات مختلف ، با دو بعد از نظر شخصیت های افسانه ای گرفته شده است. در ماه اوت سال 2006 اینها شامل: ویزای آخوندک mantis (اگر بطور بالقوه امکان انتقال غیر قانونی فن آوری های حساس و یا دارای کاربرد دوگانه باشد، [7] معرفی شده در سال 1998 [8])، ویزای خرسBear برای مقامات کشورهای خارجی، نمایندگان سازمان های بین المللی، و خانواده های آنان، ویزای خر Donkey (افراد hits ، ملیتهای خاص)، ویزای Merlin مرلین (برای پناهندگان و asylees)، ویزای Eagle عقاب (اتباع خاصی از کوبا، چین، ایران، روسیه و ویتنام)، ویزای کرکسCondor (ملیت خاص، در ژانویه سال 2002 معرفی شده [9] )، و ویزای هاوک (برای ویزای مهاجرت)میباشد. انواع دیگری از SAOs هم وجود دارد : ویزا اسب Hoarse(دارندگان ویزای دیپلماتیک از ملیت های خاص) و ویزا اسب بالدار Pegasus (مقامات کشورهای مستقل مشترک المنافع) [1]
Issuing time and validity period
The Department of State claims that 80% of SAOs are cleared within two weeks, but the general expected time for a clearance is unknown.[10] While various diplomatics posts mention some average times (the website of the United States embassy in Ankara, Turkey mentions up to six to eight weeks[2]), this only reflects the recent experience of the post, and does not reflect actual statistics.[10]
The Department of State's Foreign Affairs Manual (which is a reference for diplomatic posts), dated August 16, 2006, mentions:[1]
“ [...] posts can expect a wait of a minimum of twenty (20) business days to receive responses, although some responses will arrive well within that time frame. However, complicated cases can take some time to resolve, particularly if there are other U.S. Government agency concerns to consider. ”
According to a report by the United States Government Accountability Office, as of November 30, 2004, 87% of Visas Mantis cases (one of the various kinds of SAOs) has been cleared in 30 days or less, 5% were taking 31–60 days, 5% were taking 61–90 days, 1% were taking 91–120 days and the final 2% were taking more than 120 days.[11] The average time was 15 days, which was significantly reduced, as the same report mentions that during October 2003, the average was 75 days.[11] On February 11, 2005, the Department of State mentioned that it "has been able to decrease the average time to obtain Visas Mantis clearance to less than 14 days".[8]